Extrinsic motivation is characterized by which of the following?

Extrinsic motivation is primarily characterized by a drive to complete tasks because of external factors such as promised rewards or the fear of penalties. This form of motivation arises from the desire to achieve something tangible or to avoid adverse outcomes, which are external to the individual’s own values or satisfaction. For instance, a student may study hard not because they find the subject matter personally fulfilling, but rather because they want to earn a good grade or avoid a reprimand from a teacher or parent. This contrasts with intrinsic motivation, which comes from within and is driven by personal enjoyment or satisfaction in the task itself.

While the other options reflect different forms of motivation effects, they do not align with the core definition of extrinsic motivation. Engaging in behavior for personal satisfaction relates to intrinsic motivation, and commitment to intrinsic goals and values emphasizes internal motivations. Social considerations, such as avoiding peer pressure or social isolation, may influence behavior but are not the primary drivers of extrinsic motivation in the same way that rewards and penalties are.